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a b Graham, Karen S. (2001). "Rattlesnake". In Bell, Catharine E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the world's zoos, Volume 3. Taylor & Francis. p.1040. ISBN 978-1-57958-174-9.

a b c Price, Andrew H. (2009). Venomous Snakes of Texas: A Field Guide. University of Texas Press. pp.38–39. ISBN 978-0-292-71967-5.Rattlesnake fangs are connected by venom ducts to large venom glands near the outer edge of the upper jaw, towards the rear of the head. When the rattlesnake bites, muscles on the sides of the venom glands contract to squeeze the venom through the ducts and into the fangs. When the fangs are not in use, they remain folded against the palate. [37] [38] The venom is hemotoxic, destroying tissue, causing necrosis and coagulopathy (disrupted blood clotting). [41] In the U.S., the tiger rattlesnake ( C. tigris) and some varieties of the Mojave rattlesnake ( C. scutulatus) also have a presynaptic neurotoxic venom component known as Mojave type A toxin, which can cause severe paralysis. [41] [42] [43] However, most North American rattlesnakes are not neurotoxic. [44] Although it has a comparatively low venom yield, [45] the venom toxicity of C. tigris is considered to be among the highest of all rattlesnake venoms, and among the highest of all snakes in the Western Hemisphere based on LD 50 studies conducted on laboratory mice. C. scutulatus is also widely regarded as producing one of the most toxic snake venoms in the Americas, based on LD 50 studies in laboratory mice. [46] Campbell, Angela L.; Naik, Rajesh R.; Sowards, Laura; Stone, Morley O. (2002). "Biological Infrared Imaging and Sensing". Micron. 33 (2): 211–225. doi: 10.1016/S0968-4328(01)00010-5. PMID 11567889. Craats, Rennay (2016-08-01). Arizona: The Grand Canyon State. Weigl Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4896-4823-5. Phillips, Steven J.; etal., eds. (2009). A natural history of the Sonoran Desert. University of California Press. p.577. ISBN 978-0-520-21980-9.

This article is about the reptile. For other uses, see Rattlesnake (disambiguation) and Rattler (disambiguation). Rattlesnake Newton, Maud (2011). "How Does Rattlesnake Taste?". The New York Times . Retrieved November 21, 2014. At birth, a "prebutton" is present at the tip of the snake's tail; it is replaced by the "button" several days later when the first skin is shed. However, no sound can be made by the rattle until a second segment is added when the skin is shed again. [59] A new rattle segment is added each time the snake sheds its skin, and the snake may shed its skin several times a year, depending on food supply and growth rate.

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Furman, Jon (2007). Timber rattlesnakes in Vermont and New York: biology, history, and the fate of an endangered species. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-58465-656-2. Rattlesnakes tend to avoid developed areas, preferring undisturbed, natural habitats. Rapid habitat destruction by humans, mass killings during events such as rattlesnake round-ups, and deliberate extermination campaigns all pose threats to rattlesnake populations in many areas. Several species, such as the timber rattlesnake, massasauga, and canebrake rattlesnake, are listed as threatened or endangered in many U.S. states. [83]

a b c Fleisher, Gary R.; Ludwig, Stephen, eds. (2010). Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (6thed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.1548. ISBN 978-1-60547-159-4. a b Adams, Clark E. & Thomas, John K. (2008). Texas Rattlesnake Roundups. Texas A&M University Press. p.2. ISBN 978-1-60344-035-6.a b Luch, Andreas, ed. (2010). Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology. Vol.2. Springer. p.267. ISBN 978-3-7643-8337-4. a b Schoenherr, Allan A. (1995). A Natural History of California. University of California Press. p.510. ISBN 978-0-520-06922-0. Slatter, Douglas H. (2002). Textbook of small animal surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.267. ISBN 978-0-7216-8607-3. a b c d e Cetaruk, Edward W. (2005). "Rattlesnakes and Other Crotalids". In Brent, Jeffrey (ed.). Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.1075. ISBN 978-0-8151-4387-1.